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Using the GoPro Hero 3 for 3D Photogrammetry Modeling and Measuring – PhotoModeler

 

Introduction

The GoPro Hero 3 is a small, lightweight, robust, low cost, and high definition video and still camera used primarily for capturing action.  The GoPro Hero 3 Black is one of the recent high resolution versions of the GoPro lineup that can be used for photogrammetry – the science of measurement, modeling and scanning using photographs. [Update: At the time of writing, the Hero 3 Black was the highest resolution available. Other improved versions are now available.]

Due to the GoPro’s small size, low weight, wifi, and good image quality it is an interesting platform to consider for photogrammetry. On the other hand, a DSLR camera with a choice of lenses is the best choice for high accuracy photogrammetric work.

This article focuses on the use of the GoPro Hero 3 Black for photogrammetry with the PhotoModeler software, and how to overcome some of the camera’s deficiences. There are other models of the GoPro Hero but we focus on the Hero 3 Black only as it is the first GoPro camera with good resolution and control over image quality to make it suitable for photogrammetry.

To perform accurate 3D measurement, modeling and scanning from images, using the techniques of photogrammetry, the camera should ideally have good image quality, high resolution images, stable optics, a fixed lens, focal length neither too short nor too long, and low lens distortion.  The GoPro Hero 3 Black does well on all these criteria except the last two. Note none of these issues are a reflection on the quality of the GoPro camera, but instead a recognition that is was designed for a different purpose.

The unique challenges of using the GoPro Hero 3 for photogrammetric work are:

  • Very wide angle lens that causes large lens distortion
  • No view finder
  • A number of different modes
  • Low resolution in some modes
  • Designed for outdoor use and no flash so weak low light performance

Modes

The GoPro Hero3 Black has a number of video and still modes. There are two key factors in these various modes that affect the photogrammetric results: resolution, and field of view (FOV). The two recommended picture modes for the GoPro Hero3 Black are:

Resolution Image Size Field of View 35mm equiv. focal
12 MP 4000 x 3000 Wide – 108 deg. 15mm
7 MP 3000 x 2250 Medium – 93 deg. 20mm

The video modes may also be used – e.g. for moving subjects or for PhotoModeler Motion. At this time there are no good ways to synchronize multiple GoPro h4 cameras in the video modes, so their use in PhotoModeler Motion is limited. The high speed modes of the GoPro h4 are enticing. For the cost, the high frame rate is impressive, but the low resolution in these modes compared to the picture modes makes certain tasks such as target detection and calibration difficult.

The GoPro can be used with PhotoModeler Motion with lower frame rates (a picture every second or so) depending on how accurate the synchronization needs to be for your project, since the GoPro Hero 3 Remote can fire multiple cameras at once.

Calibration

To get accurate measurement from most cameras, but especially those with large lens distortion, performing camera calibration is important. The camera calibration process determines the exact pixel size, focal length, lens axis offset, and the lens distortion characteristics. The GoPro Hero 3 is quite wide angle (even in its medium FOV mode) and with a reasonably simple low-cost optical structure its lens distortion is large (see sample to right of a flat brick wall). Calibration with a good camera calibration routine, like PhotoModeler’s, is key to getting accurate results with this camera.

The GoPro Hero 3 can be challenging to calibrate. With a very wide angle lens you either need a big calibration pattern, or you have to be very close to the pattern. If you get very close to the pattern you run the danger that the calibration will not be ideal for ‘normal’ distances. To reduce blur and keep targets in focus you should use a tripod and good lighting. Due to the wide field of view you may need to modify the tripod rig to get the camera over the calibration grid, otherwise the bottom part of the image will be mostly filled with the tripod legs instead of calibration targets. The camera also has no viewfinder making lining up calibration shots tricky. The smartphone GoPro App for control and viewing makes calibrations easier to do.

Even with all of these adjustments the calibration quality will not be as good as a DSLR so expect slightly larger error values (e.g. It may not be reasonable to expect a maximum residual below 1 pixel).

At the widest settings (largest FOV) you can consider adding the K3 radial lens distortion parameter (an option on PhotoModeler’s calibration) as it can reduce error.

To calibrate the GoPro h4 successfully we recommend using a tripod (modified so the camera is over top of the calibration area), good lighting, the smart phone GoPro App to act as a viewfinder, and the PhotoModeler multi-sheet calibration method to get a large view/target area.

SmartMatch and DSM Projects

PhotoModeler is a versatile photogrammetric software package that includes capabilities such as manual marking, coded target detection, advanced modeling objects, SmartMatch and Dense Surface Modeling. SmartMatch is a method for automatically setting up projects and automatic orientation of the photographs. Dense Surface Modeling (DSM) is a method for extracting high density point clouds and triangulated surfaces automatically from photos.

When using SmartMatch and DSM methods in PhotoModeler with a GoPro h4 it is recommended that photos are taken closer together than normal (that is, more overlap, smaller steps, and smaller angles).

If the object is planar and you take photos that are parallel for the most part to this plane, then relatively normal overlap can be used.  If the object has planes that are slanted to the image plane, the surface is curved, or there are objects that stand out from the surface, then with a wide angle lens and small camera distance the images change their appearance quickly using typical larger changes in camera position. This results in images looking quite different which means SmartMatch cannot identify like-features, and DSM cannot get a good surface model extraction. Taking photos closer together, with smaller angles, and with more overlap can improve this with a short focal length, wide angle lens like that found on the GoPro.

PhotoModeler Scanner version 2013.0.2 has some improvements for orientation, SmartMatch and DSM for how cameras with high lens distortion are handled. This version (or later) is recommended if you are using the GoPro Hero 3.

UAVs, the GoPro Hero 3 and Photogrammetry

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are becoming increasingly popular for taking photographs from above. UAVs are becoming less expensive and easier to fly by the day.

The GoPro camera being small, lightweight and robust seems like an ideal camera to attach to a UAV. The negative is that the camera (even in its medium FOV mode) has quite a wide angle lens, and wide angle lenses are not well suited to aerial photogrammetry. To use the GoPro Hero 3 Black successfully in a UAV / aerial application, you will need to a) fly relatively low, b) try the medium FOV still photo setting, c) take the photos relatively close to each other (small angles and strong overlap), d) use a quad-copter or hexa-copter (instead of a fixed wing) to allow for successful low flight and good overlap, and e) point the camera straight down at the ground.

Generally UAV / GoPro projects are difficult to carry out. We recommend a different camera (dslr or high resolution still camera with more narrow lens) in most cases.

Summary & Recommendations

The GoPro Hero 3 while not designed as a photogrammetric camera can sometimes be used as one with some careful attention. The recommendations are:

  • Use the GoPro Hero 3 Black model (or a more recent high resolution version).
  • Use the GoPro Hero 3 in one of the two recommended picture modes (see Modes).
  • If planning to use the GoPro Hero 3 in a video mode, first consider whether the resolution is sufficient for your task (target marking for example).
  • Calibrate the camera with a multi-sheet calibration of suitable size (see Calibration).
  • For the widest FOV settings, consider adding the K3 parameter to the calibration.
  • When doing SmartMatch or DSM projects take the photos relatively close to each other, especially if the surfaces are not parallel to the image plane.
  • Use the PhotoModeler software (version 2013.0.2 or higher).

 

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  • in Examples
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  • September 23, 2013

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Hand Scan GoPro mountsV2

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3d scan hand peace

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3d scan a hand making the peace gesture. ...Scale to any size you want.

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It's a scan of a hand pointing.

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I made these 3D scans of pumpkins for Halloween.

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25 Best GoPro Mounts for 3D Printing

There are plenty of extreme sports that will keep you fit and full of fun. Record it on camera! After all, we've put together a selection of the perfect GoPro mounts for different sports.

#1: For kitesurf

If you haven't found your perfect sport yet, try kitesurfing. It's easy to learn and very addictive, and this mount will perfectly fix the camera to capture your first impressions.

No. 2: Brass knuckle holder

With this holder, you can use your GoPro to record your activities while running, skiing or skating, as well as diving, skydiving. This is a handy hand held option.

#3: Universal mount

This might be one of the most useful gadgets in the collection. Designed with a counterweight system to stay in place, this mount will meet all your needs. With it, you can take selfies or even record climbing mountains, etc. The device is easy to fold.

No. 4: Folding stick

One of the most versatile mounts, it folds out in a variety of ways and is therefore suitable for many purposes.

#5: Rope Stabilizer

Undoubtedly the most stunning perspective is the bird's eye view, who doesn't dream of such a shot? Now you can do it yourself. A simple stabilizer is a device that holds your camera and slides slowly along the rope, capturing your amazing snow tricks, etc. Once assembled, the device is ready to go.

#6: For shooting 360 degrees

Virtual reality and 360-degree video are popular today, but you don't need to buy one of the new camera models to create panoramic videos. GoPros work fine if you place them correctly.

#7: Wheel holder

Is there anything cuter than this device? This tiny thing is a great solution for capturing skateboarding. Your GoPro will look pretty stylish.

#8:

Hand Tool

A handheld GoPro rig shaped like a square holder. Using it, you can take pictures without shaking the camera too much. Installation of other equipment is also available.

#9: Bottle cap adapter

This is a GoPro mount that can be attached to any old bottle. One of the best accessories for water sportsmen. It screws onto any standard bottle, meaning you can play with the water/air ratio and balance at the perfect depth! And since the adapter is so small, you can always pack it with you.

#10: Spike

Sometimes the easiest way is the best way. You can use this device if you only want to take pictures from one point. For example, shoot ski jumping, when a person moves at high speed, leaning forward, and soars in the sky before landing, as if in slow motion.

#11: Gorillapod

Hybrid Mount

The

Gorillapod is a great tripod option that is both flexible and versatile. Customize your Gorillapod to fit your GoPro and expand your shooting options.

#12: Belt holder

The backpack shoulder strap is a great place to mount your camera. This holder is ideal if you only want to shoot fragments. It can be printed in the same color as your belt to match your device.

#13: Rilgopro

Captured perspective can be very interesting. These adapters and cable ties allow you to connect your GoPro to almost any subject. A great way to get creative in the next video.

#14: Folding tripod

A standard accessory for any camera is a good tripod. This is the easiest way to set up your camera for almost any surface to get a stable footage. Now you can print your own GoPro tripod. As a bonus, the tripod is small and foldable, allowing you to take it with you wherever you go.

#15: For skateboard

Have you ever wanted to attach a sports camera to the bottom of your skateboard? Now you can!

#16: On wheels

The main advantage of the compact action camera is its versatility. This is a simple 3D printable model of a wheel fixture.

#17:

Water Sports Bracket

Anyone who has ever used a GoPro knows that it does a good job of capturing underwater footage. Whether you go snorkeling, water skiing, surfing or fishing, GoPro captures virtually any water activity with high fidelity. But what if you want to place the camera on the seabed? This bracket keeps your GoPro firmly planted on the seabed, rocks, surfboard or any other surface.

#18: Chest straps

A great way to capture the perfect shot is to mount your camera on your chest. This accessory is 100% adjustable and can be your new best friend.

No. 19:

Biaxial Suspension

A trembling hand or a sudden cold can easily ruin a perfect shot. But fear not, because the gimbal will remain stable, no matter the situation.

#20: Shoe mount

Everyone always talks about the benefits of shooting from a bird's eye view, but what about the view from the ground? Are there many things that happen on the earth's surface that we pay attention to? Find out with a shoe mount that gives you a whole new perspective.

#21: Christmas Tree Maker

Holidays are always entertainments that are nice to remember later. Record compromising jokes on your friends or get irrefutable evidence that Santa Claus exists by attaching a camera to the Christmas tree.

#22:

handlebar mount

Cycling is a great way to stretch and get to beautiful places. Mount your GoPro on your steering wheel and capture extraordinary footage.

#23: Helmet Mount

GoPro functionality has changed a lot since its release in 2005. However, head mounting is still one of the best options. Just be careful with the trees, because your head will be a little higher than usual.

#24: Head strap

Another popular attachment is a head strap holder. The fixture prints fairly easily and connects to a 25mm wide elastic strap.

#25: Torpedo

The fixture is equipped in such a way that your GoPro is guaranteed to survive.

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