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These open-source, levitating keyboard switches can be 3D printed at home
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Insiders and analysts predict the 3D printing trends to watch in our latest series of articles focused on the future of 3D printing.
Riskable, a hobbyist toymaker, and 3D printing enthusiast has developed an innovative new key switch mechanism for use in PC keyboards.
Named ‘Void Switch’, the design is completely open-source and can be fabricated at home with any run-of-the-mill FFF 3D printer.
The novelty of the mechanism lies in its use of magnets, which makes it levitation-based and entirely contactless. In contrast, standard mechanical keyboard switches rely on springs and metallic contact plates to determine whether or not a key has been pressed.
Interestingly, the Void Switch mechanism is also fully customizable in its feel, allowing users to adjust both the tactility and return force of the keys based on personal preferences.
An assembled Void Switch. GIF via Riskable.The world of mechanical keyboards
While the average person probably doesn’t give their computing peripherals much thought, those in the PC gaming and programming communities tend to have a special affinity for kitted-out mechanical keyboards.
Unlike the compact keys found on a laptop, mechanical keys feature more depth and provide a much more satisfying feel when pressed down. You can usually tell the difference between the two from the sounds they make: mechanical keyboards often deliver a louder ‘clack’ sound.
Beyond just the RGB lighting, mechanical keyboards can be modified and customized in almost every aspect from the casing and stabilizers to the keycaps and key switches. The key switches, in particular, are what determine the tactile response of the keyboard, whether it’s a click, bump, or smooth descent all the way down.
The 3D printed Void Switch
Riskable’s 3D printed Void Switch uses a Hall effect sensor to determine the pressing of the key, a type of sensor that detects the presence of a magnetic field. Each switch mechanism features three individual 4 x 2mm magnets, one central static magnet for the levitator, and two moving magnets embedded in the switch’s slider.
The two moving magnets are placed above and below the static one, and serve to maintain an equilibrium between attraction and repulsion. Specifically, the lower magnet is what provides tactility, while the upper one is what provides the repulsive force acting in the opposite direction.
In a conventional key switch, a spring would be used to deliver this counter-force.
Furthermore, the OpenSCAD files for the mechanism are customizable, whereby the user can modify the separation of the magnets. This is what allows for full control of the tactility and the counter-force of the keys.
Riskable recommends 3D printing the Void Switches using PETG filament due to the material’s deep sound profile and comparatively low coefficient of friction, which makes key presses smoother. However, a material like PLA will also work just fine. For those that want a quieter experience, the switches can also be paired with 3D printed TPU keycaps (92A or harder). TPU is flexible enough to absorb much of the sound energy but won’t buckle or bend under the force of a finger.
The Void Switch relies on a series of magnets that push against each other to provide resistance. Image via Riskable.All of the open-source 3D files needed for the project can be downloaded on Riskable’s GitHub.
The open-source community can undeniably be a fountain of ingenuity, offering novel 3D printing applications at low costs. Earlier this month, YouTuber Akaki Kuumeri created a 3D printed adapter for the PS5 DualSense controller that enables users to play games one-handed. The add-on can be applied non-destructively to game controllers in order to allow for non-standard hand positions and make playing video games more accessible to those with physical disabilities.
Elsewhere, content creator Lucas VRTech has previously designed and 3D printed a pair of low-cost finger tracking gloves for use in virtual reality. Named LucidVR, the open-source gloves grant users the ability to precisely track their fingers without the use of dedicated VR controllers. Tallying up all of the component and filament costs, the LucidVR project cost Lucas just $22 ($11 per hand).
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Looking for a career in additive manufacturing? Visit 3D Printing Jobs for a selection of roles in the industry.
Featured image shows an assembled Void Switch. GIF via Riskable.
Tags Riskable Void Switch
Kubi Sertoglu
Kubi Sertoglu holds a degree in Mechanical Engineering, combining an affinity for writing with a technical background to deliver the latest news and reviews in additive manufacturing.
Answers to questions on endstop
Switch used to notify the controller that the printer has completed its home travel. Also known as a limit switch.
Used on all three axes to indicate to the controller that the desktop or printhead has reached the end of its home travel. This allows the controller to get a zero point as it moves, which provides a home position during printing.
There are three main types of end posts (or limit switches):
The mechanical switch is just a simple on/off device. When the table or print head is moved to the desired location, a metal lever is pressed against a switch that indicates and sends a signal to the controller.
Optical switch - This type has an optical beam which, when interrupted, sends a signal to the controller.
Proximity sensor - most commonly used on the z-axis for table alignment. When the end of the sensor approaches the table, it sends a signal to the controller before the sensor comes into contact with other parts of the printer.
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everything you need to know
3DPrintStory Reviews BLTouch sensor for 3D printer: everything you need to know
Automatic table calibration is a fairly common feature in desktop FDM 3D printers.
However, most 3D printers with automatic table calibration use a non-contact inductive sensor, which is easy to install, operate and configure. These inductive sensors work well with metal 3D printer tables, but tables made from other common materials such as glass are virtually invisible to inductive sensors.
Perhaps it is because of this lack of inductive sensors that many people hear about BLTouch sensors: if you need to use a non-metallic 3D printer slot base but need automatic calibration, these sensors are a great option. Another plus of these sensors is its high accuracy. BLTouch raw readings have one of the lowest standard deviations of any sensor type for automating 3D printer bed calibration.
In this article we will look at the BLTouch sensor, its advantages and how to use it for a 3D printer (by the way, there are many clones of BLTouch sensors, but the original design belongs to Antclabs from South Korea).
What is a BLTouch sensor?
According to Antclabs, the original manufacturer of the sensor, "BLTouch is an automatic table calibration sensor for 3D printers that can accurately measure the angle of the table surface.
" This sensor works on any type of surface, be it metal, glass, wood and others.
The 3D printer table tilt level sensor itself has a rather complex design. It consists of a microcontroller, a solenoid switch and a handpiece that is in direct contact with the table. The original BLTouch uses a Hall sensor for high accuracy, and this sensor, combined with the physical handpiece, allows it to be used with many types of tables.
In a sense, this sensor is equivalent to a microswitch mounted on a servo. When the tool head is lowered to "return" the nozzle in the Z-axis, the table pushes the tip slightly up, the Hall sensor is activated, and then the tool head rises.
TheBLTouch is one of the most accurate and reliable sensors out there, so it's no wonder some manufacturers like MakerGear and CraftBot use this device on their high-end 3D printers.
Now that we know exactly what we're dealing with, let's compare the BLTouch with the other two types of sensors.
Different types of sensors for automatic 3D printer table calibration
Inductive sensor
The key difference between the inductive sensor and BLTouch is that the BLTouch sensor physically touches the table during the calibration process. The inductive sensor uses currents induced by magnetic fields to detect nearby metal objects, so there is no direct physical contact with the table.
But therein lies the problem: induction sensors only work with metal tables, as they only work when they come into contact with metal. So if you are using glass, then this type of sensor will not work for you.
Microswitch (mechanical limit switch)
Don't discount the old-fashioned physical microswitch either. Compared to the BLTouch, this sensor is less accurate and possibly less reliable in the long run because the measurement is dependent on physical parts that can wear out over time.
However, these mechanical switches outperform other options when it comes to cost and ease of setup.
Since mechanical switches are very simple to implement, easy to set up and cheap, they have found quite a wide application.
Alternatives
Pinda Probe
Pina Probe is a sensor developed by Prusa Research that is an induction sensor with a thermistor to account for changes in bed temperature. The Pinda probe is specially designed for the Prusa line of 3D printers, which have special dot-mounted calibration markers on the table that help with alignment and skew correction.
This is said to be a very accurate sensor for 3D printers, and although there aren't many numbers on the internet, the reviews seem to be positive. So it is worth considering that this is a good option if your 3D printer has a metal table.
Ezabl Pro
Ezabl Pro is a capacitive sensor manufactured. It comes with a connection board that uses an optical isolator to prevent high voltage damage to the motherboard in case of connection errors.
In terms of accuracy, it can measure to one thousandth of a millimeter, which is what 3D printers need.
Ezabl Pro also has useful features such as double shielding that prevents any interference from other signals.
The main disadvantage of Ezabl Pro is the cost, which is about 65 dollars. But this sensor can work with glass tables.
Piezo Sensors
Piezo Sensor uses the piezoelectric effect to sense changes in force, pressure, or strain and convert those changes into an electrical impulse. Precision Piezo is one of the few companies in the UK that makes piezo sensors for 3D printers. They have an accuracy close to 7 microns, which is pretty accurate for a 3D printer.
The advantage of the piezoelectric sensor is that a nozzle can be used as a sensing element without the need for additional components. In addition, a piezoelectric sensor can be placed on the print head or under the pressure platform. As for the price, it is in the same range as BLTouch.
BLTouch Sensor Setup Basics
Before you start modifying your 3D printer for BLTouch, you need to work out the following points.
Mounting the sensor
The BLTouch sensor must be installed as close to the print head as possible. You can find many designs available for download on the internet. If you would like to design the mounting structure yourself, be sure to read the BLTouch documentation to take into account the overall dimensions of the sensor.
Some users have experienced a problem where the nozzle hits the table on one side and prints perfectly on the other. The reason for this is that the BLTouch is mounted at an angle to the nozzle. Therefore, when designing and installing equipment, make sure that the BLTouch is mounted perfectly at right angles and aligned with the nozzle.
After installing the sensor, be sure to record the distance between the BLTouch sensor and the center of the nozzle in both the X and Y directions.
3D printer firmware configuration
To run BLTouch, you will need to change the 3D printer firmware in several places.
We used Marlin firmware version 1.
1.9 which was updated in March 2020. Enter the marlin.ino file and go to the configuration.h tab.
The first step is to activate the BLTouch sensor by declaring it. Remove the two slashes to uncomment the define statement:
#define BLTOUCH
The next step is to set the BLTouch offset using the X and Y distances you should have measured when you installed the sensor. Z-shifting may seem like a more complicated procedure, as the BLTouch probe protrudes below the nozzle for direct measurements. You will need to find the distance between the sensor and the end of the nozzle when the sensor is fully extended.
Also, since the probe goes below the nozzle, the offset must be negative. We recommend setting it to around -2.5 for safe first runs and then adjusting. You need to change the values of the following lines to match your numbers:
#define X_PROBE_OFFSET_FROM_EXTRUDER 30 // X offset: -left + right [nozzles] #define Y_PROBE_OFFSET_FROM_EXTRUDER 20 // Y offset: -front + back #define Z_PROBE_OFFSET_FROM_EXTRUDER -2.5 // Offset Z: -below + above
Once you're done with the offset, you'll need to choose a table alignment type. You can choose from five different compensation methods, below we will give an example using the bilinear method as it is easy to get started with.
To select the appropriate option, uncomment it by removing the slash. Please note that only one option can be left without comment. Your code should look something like this:
//#define AUTO_BED_LEVELING_3POINT //#define AUTO_BED_LEVELING_LINEAR #define AUTO_BED_LEVELING_BILINEAR //#define AUTO_BED_LEVELING_UBL //#define MESH_BED_LEVELING
You can also set the number of mesh points that you will base your calibration on. Default is 9points that form a 3-by-3 grid along the x and y axes. The number of points can be increased for more accurate results, but keep in mind that the probing time will also increase proportionally.
#if ENABLED (AUTO_BED_LEVELING_LINEAR) || ENABLED (AUTO_BED_LEVELING_BILINEAR)
// Set the number of grid points per size.
#define GRID_MAX_POINTS_X 3 #define GRID_MAX_POINTS_Y GRID_MAX_POINTS_X
Testing
After setting up the firmware, you will need to check if the BLTouch is working properly by doing a basic test. Once it's complete, you can start adjusting the Z offset. There's a great video from 3DMakerNoob that walks you through the process step by step.
Slicer setup
Be sure to add the G29 command to your Gcode right after the G28 command.
Troubleshooting
Troubleshooting
The creators of the original BlTouch at Antclabs mentioned that the original sensors come with a QR code built into the circuit board on the back. Other Chinese manufacturers, called TL Touch and 3D Touch, are also known to produce lower quality products, resulting in poorer quality. When buying online, be sure to purchase from one of the authorized resellers that are listed on the Antclabs website.
Known Issues with BLTouch Sensor
The latest version of BLTouch V3 had issues with Creality printers where it did not work properly. The Marlin firmware developers worked closely with Antclabs and determined that certain changes needed to be made to the firmware.
An excellent tutorial video on how to fix this problem was made by Teaching Tech. After making changes, many users finally solved the problem.
BLTouch Disadvantages
Although the BLTouch is an extremely accurate level sensor, it also has several disadvantages.
When using the BLTouch, it is important that there is no debris on the surface of the bed. A mechanical sensor detects the surface of the table and any damage or debris on the surface will result in inaccurate readings.
The BLTouch is also known to suffer from interference from currents in the hot end heater wires.
