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Defcad, a website for 3D-printed gun blueprints, is back online

Tech

Positioned as a defense of personal freedoms, the site enables people in the U. S. to download designs for deadly weapons and freely share them.

The Washington Post/The Washington Post/Getty Images

Matt Wille

March 30, 2020

Defcad makes thousands of downloadable blueprints for 3D-printable guns available online for a $50 yearly subscription fee. One of the company's directors, Cody Wilson, calls the company "Netflix for 3D guns." Back in 2013, Defcad was forced to shut down by the U.S. State Department, which was worried about foreign nationals downloading the blueprints. But now, after a seven-year hiatus, the Wall Street Journal reports Defcad is back online, and taking it down is going to be hard.

In fact, Wilson believes it's going to be nearly impossible to challenge his site's right to exist because he's now vetting would-be downloaders to ensure he complies with the legislation around both exports and firearms. While his measures might appease lawmakers, they do nothing to prevent the sharing of blueprints for what amount to untraceable weapons that sidestep many of the key checks and measures intended to keep guns out of the hands of people who shouldn't own them in the first place.

Skirting the law, one measure at a time — When Wilson first started Defcad back in 2012, the site was open to the public. Anyone at all could simply type in the URL and browse a variety of gun designs for download. Wilson says he doesn’t expect the designs to be used for actual gun-making. Instead, says he sees the site as a form of resistance against limits on personal freedoms.

After a lengthy period of deliberation, the State Department’s original case against Defcad was based upon export control regulations, because the designs could be downloaded by anyone online, including people outside the U.S. In 2018, after five years of legal wrangling, the export law was amended to allow the files to be posted. A group of 19 state attorneys quickly brought another suit against Defcad, calling the project a mission “to arm every citizen outside of the government’s traditional control mechanism.”

A 3D-printed handgun.KELLY WEST/AFP/Getty Images

It’s only a matter of time until this escalates again — In its latest iteration, the site is operating again with four levels of security. Everyone who wishes to access Defcad's design files will be subject to IP geolocation and proxy checks, among other technologies that are usually used by credit bureaus to verify location and identity. It’s the first time Defcad has used that sort of compliance software.

However, these checks are not enough to keep the gun designs from being distributed more widely. The files themselves are not protected — once downloaded, they can be shared without consequence. Wilson concedes he can only tell people sharing the files is illegal, but has no way of preventing them doing so.

Like torrents, but for guns — This is very similar to the way in which torrenting websites are able to stay online despite copyright laws. Torrent websites aren't themselves infringing copyright — they're a conduit for others to do so. Except that, in this case, improper use of shared files could lead to fatal consequences, rather than diminished movie theater attendance.

Plastic guns created by 3D printing methods can be just as deadly as traditional guns, and in some senses they’re even more dangerous because they can’t be tracked, so it’s unlikely Wilson’s latest attempt at reviving Defcad will go unchallenged by the law. What may be needed are amendments around the sorts of files people are allowed to share, though that's a thorny issue and one that spills over from Second Amendment rights into First Amendment ones. Nonetheless, anything but a firm and unambiguous stance on the issue could prove deadly.

This post was updated to clarify that, as dystopic as it is, making guns at home is actually legal under federal law.

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What is 3D printing

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3D printing - fast reproduction of objects based on a digital model with low costs and unique materials. The complete opposite of traditional production.

Definition and general principles

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (from the English. Add - add), is the exact opposite of subtractive technologies (from the English. Subtract - subtract) such as CNC machining, or molding methods for manufacturing products - injection molding.

Instead of machining or subtracting material to form an object, the printing process gradually adds layer by layer.

1. The process always starts with a digital 3D model, a design of a physical object as a CAD file in STL format.

2. The model is loaded into the 3D printer and placed on the platform by the operator.

3. The printer software slices the model into thin 2D layers and turns it into a set of machine language (G-code) printer instructions.

4. Further operation of a 3D printer depends on the printing technology that underlies it. For example, desktop FDM printers melt plastic filaments and lay them on a print platform through a nozzle. Large industrial SLS machines use a laser to melt (or sinter) thin layers of metal or plastic powders.

3D printing does not require any special tools or fixtures. The part is made directly on the platform in the printer chamber. The materials used are directly dependent on the printing process. Thermoplastics are the most commonly used, but photopolymers, epoxies and metals are also used.

Manufactured parts can also have specific properties, forming from optically transparent to rubbery objects.
Depending on the size of the part and the type of printer, printing usually takes between 4 and 30 hours. However, 3D printed parts are rarely ready for use immediately after printing. They often require post-treatment to achieve the desired level of surface finish.

A Brief History of 3D Printing

The science fiction author, Arthur C. Clarke, was the first person to64 described the main functions of a 3D printer. The first 3D printer was released in 1987 by 3D Systems, Chuck Hull, and used the "stereolithography" (SLA) process. In the 90s and 00s, other 3D printing technologies were developed, including FDM from Stratasys.

In 1989, DTM Corporation patented the SLS printing method developed by a group of students led by Dr. Carl Descartes at the University of Austin, Texas. DTM Corporation was later bought by 3D Systems in 2001.

In 2009, the ASTM F42 committee published a document containing standards for additive manufacturing terminology. This allowed 3D printing to stand on a par with traditional industrial production technologies. That same year, the FDM patents expired, and the RepRap project resulted in the first low-cost desktop 3D printers. This greatly influenced the development of the market. Affordable printers appeared for less than $2,000.

In 2016, HP launched its first 3D printing system and by 2017 had become one of the most popular industrial printers. More than 1 million desktop 3D printers were sold globally between 2015 and 2017, and sales of industrial metal printers in 2017 nearly doubled from the previous year.

The hype of the past years was based on the idea of widespread adoption of new technology by consumers. This has been, and still is, a misleading view of where 3D printing really adds value to a product. Despite this, the technology today has occupied its niche in the world of production and is widely used by both professionals and amateurs.
3D printing is an evolving technology. Every year, new 3D printers are released that can have a significant impact on the industry.

Benefits

3D printing is an actively developing technology and has a number of fundamental differences and advantages in comparison with traditional production methods.

+ Complex geometries at no additional cost
3D printing makes it easy to produce complex shapes, many of which cannot be produced with traditional methods. The additive principle of technology makes it possible to complicate the geometry of the product without changing the cost of production. Complex structured parts optimized for 3D printing cost the same as simpler parts designed for traditional production (and sometimes even cheaper because less material is used).

+ Low cost per item
When casting a part, it is necessary to make a unique expensive injection mold. In order to recoup these costs, it is necessary to produce a large number of products.
3D printing does not require the manufacture of special tools or tooling, so start-up costs are significantly lower. The cost of a printed part depends only on the amount of material used, the time it took the machine to print it, and the post-processing if needed.

+ Allows easy modification of the product
Since the startup costs are low enough to create a unique product, you just need to change the 3D model. Each element can be changed to suit the needs of the buyer without increasing production costs.

+ Prototyping
Prototyping is one of the main applications of 3D printing today. Prototyping becomes an inexpensive and fast stage in product development and mass production thanks to new technology. Parts printed on a simple 3D printer, as a rule, will be ready within a few hours, on professional industrial equipment - in 5-7 working days.
The speed of prototyping greatly speeds up the design cycle. Products that would have taken months of development can now be ready in just a few weeks.

+ Large selection of materials
The most common 3D printing materials used today are plastics, but metal 3D printing is also finding an increasing number of industrial applications. Such parts today can have high temperature resistance, strength or stiffness and be biocompatible. Composite materials used for 3D printing may contain metal, ceramic, wood, or carbon particles.

Learn more about 3D printing:

3D Printing or CNC Machining
3D Printing Technologies
SLS Manual
3D Printing Applications

Starting August 1, it will be possible to print a pistol on a 3D printer

After years of litigation, the Justice Department has lost its battle with Cody Wilson to allow unregulated 3D printing of automatic weapons.

Last week, the Department of Justice made it easier to produce weapons with a 3D printer in the township with the launch of weapon printing Distributed Defense.

Ordinance

is the result of a years-long crusade led by gun rights evangelist Cody Wilson and allows Defense Distributed to publish detailed blueprints of a "ghost weapon" that cannot be traced, unregistered, or made by anyone with access to a 3D printer.

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The rise of the wiki weapon

Cody Wilson (creator of hate-driven crowdfunding platform Hatreon and one of the perennial "Most Dangerous People on the Internet") founded Defense Distributed in 2012 to make homemade weapons available to everyone.

But after DD's "Wiki Weapon Project" released its first functional firearm, the Liberator, in 2013, Wilson was forced by the Department of Justice to remove the blueprints for the gun from the internet, citing gun export laws.

Wilson, being a radical libertarian/crypto-anarchist, decided to challenge the State Department's ban in court.

New technology, old amendment

Wilson argued that posting digital drawings of automatic weapons on the Internet was simply an expression of his First Amendment right to free speech, and the Justice Department ruled in his favor.

Now, thanks to improved 3D printing technology and this new law, it only takes an Internet connection and a 3D printer to turn digital circuits into real weapons. For homemade weapon enthusiasts without 3D printers, Defense Distributed is releasing a specialized machine called the Phantom Shooter.

men with gray eyes

Ghost weapon: approach to the printer in the garage near you

Having won the settlement, Defense Distributed has relaunched its comprehensive weapons encyclopedia, DEFCAD, featuring guns from AP-15s to Berettas.