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FDM Printer Components... | BeyondWiki

In the last article, we talked about popular 3D printing technologies. In this article, we will look at the structure of FDM - printers.

What does it consist of?

Conventional 3D printer consists of body, motors, extruder, table and electronics. Each of these components is an integral part of any FDM machine. And if everything is very complicated with electronics due to its variability, then with the body, extruder and table everything is somewhat simpler. They will be discussed.

In the photo you can see the extruder, table and part of the body

Body

The body is the frame of the 3D machine, it is on it that all components are held. It can be either open or closed. Even though closed case printers are more expensive, they have a number of advantages:

  • Noise isolation.
  • Insulation of mechanics from dirt, dust, hair, animal hair.
  • Isolation of mechanics from children.
  • Protection against drafts and temperature changes (they are terrible for engineering plastics).
  • The pungent smell of plastics ( ABS ) does not spread throughout the room.
  • Better printing with engineering plastics ( ABS, Nylon, HIPS ).

Flashforge 3D printer with a closed case

However, despite the preponderance towards printers with a closed case, one should not forget that having an open printer is not critical. Moreover, some craftsmen make the case on their own.

Kinematics

Absolutely every FDM printer has moving parts and platforms that operate according to the kinematic scheme of the device; each type is very different from the others.

Cartesian/Cartesian

The most popular kinematics among FDM machines is based on three Cartesian axes — X, Y, Z . Most often, the extruder moves along one horizontal axis and one vertical axis, and the platform moves along the other horizontal axis. However, there are also alternative movement configurations.

Prusa 3D printer with Cartesian kinematics

The Cartesian system has many advantages, which is why it is the most common among 3D printing enthusiasts. Namely:

  • Popularity. Since the printers of this system are the most common, it will not be difficult to find information, spare parts or some guides in Russian.

  • Easy assembly. Usually assembled 3D printers are more expensive, which makes it worthwhile to buy kits for self-assembly. With printer assembly/repair Cartesian system can handle even a beginner.

  • Stability of results. Compared to other kinematic systems, these printers have excellent accuracy and print quality.

Delta

This type of kinematics includes a fixed print table and an extruder with three attachment and movement points, which gives certain positive and negative sides.

Monoprice 3D printer with delta kinematics

Advantages:

  • Compact. Printers in this system often take up little space in length and width, but can be tall.

  • Print tall details. Although printing long and wide models is difficult, delta system printers are ideal for printing tall models (vases, glasses, towers, etc.).

  • Some printer models are self-extending.

  • Faster print speed than Cartesian system.

Drawbacks:

  • Inaccuracy. Due to the specifics of the kinematics system, delta printers tend to make a lot of errors when printing.
  • The complexity of the design. The complexity of the delta type design is much higher than the Cartesian one, which gives a lot of inconvenience, namely the difficulty in self-assembly and repair.
  • Software and electronics. Since the system for working with coordinates is very different and rather complicated, more powerful, and therefore expensive electronics are needed. The same applies to software.

Extruder

The extruder is an integral part of any 3D printer. This tool is designed to melt the plastic filament and extrude it onto the table. There are two types of material feeding through the extruder .

Direct feed

Feed by stepper motor directly into the extruder , the motor is located on the carriage itself.

Direct feed extruder

Pros:

  • Quick plastic change.
  • No powerful motor required to feed material.
  • Minimum plastic feed error.
  • Can be printed with flexible materials.

Cons:

  • Complex design creates problems during assembly and repair.
  • The mass of the carriage is increased due to the feed motor.
  • Due to the large mass, inertia increases, which can lead to inaccuracies.
Bowden feed

In this case, the material feed motor is located on the printer body and not on the carriage itself. The material passes through the PTFE -tube into the extruder.

PTFE Bowden Extruder

Pros:

  • Reduced carriage load.
  • Simplified design.
  • Higher accuracy than direct feed.
  • Higher speed.

Cons:

  • Extremely difficult to print with flexible materials.
  • The plastic feed error is increasing.
  • Long plastic replacement.
  • Requires a powerful motor to feed material into the extruder.

Table

The print table is mostly a heated surface onto which melted material is extruded by an extruder. The task of each table is to keep the model in one place. Different coatings cope with this task in different ways.

PEI

Polyetherimide film is used on many printers from the factory. This type of coating is great for beginners as it requires minimal effort to print.

PEI film on the Prusa 3D printer table

Pros:

  • Has good adhesion to plastic ( ABS, PLA, PETG, TPU ).
  • Heat resistant.
  • Pretty strong.

Cons:

  • Price.
  • Degrease the surface every time.
  • Has poor adhesion if printed without heated bed.
Glass/mirror

Glass is also common among 3D printers. The glass can be ordinary window, mirror, borosilicate, phosphate, silicate-lime and other .

Mirror attached to the table of a 3D printer

Pros:

  • Price.
  • Easy to install.
  • Easy to achieve good adhesion.

Cons:

  • Brittle.
  • When trying to separate the model from the glass, you can cut yourself if the glass cracks
  • Low temperature resistance (but not all types).
Magnetic top

Another type of table top. It has a rough surface made of magnetic material. Great for beginners, just like PEI film.

Creozone Magnetic Backing

Pros:

  • Flexibility.
  • Price.
  • Excellent adhesion.

Cons:

  • Must be degreased every 3-4 prints.
  • Sometimes the adhesion is too strong and it is very difficult to tear off the model.
  • Adhesive properties degrade over time.
Total

Despite all the pros and cons of everything described, there is nothing absolutely universal that would work great and would not have any complaints. One way or another, any 3D printer is great for getting to know 3D printing, because most FDM printers are easy to improve yourself.

Learn more