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3D-printed guns are back, and this time they are unstoppable

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A decentralised network of gun-printing advocates is mobilising online, they're anonymously sharing blueprints, advice and building a community. There's no easy way they can be halted

A new network of 3D-printed gun advocates is growing in America – and this time things are different. Unlike previous attempts to popularise 3D-printed guns, this operation is entirely decentralised. There’s no headquarters, no trademarks, and no real leader. The people behind it reckon that this means they can’t be stopped by governments.

“If they [the government] were to come after me, they’d first have to find my identity,” says Ivan the Troll, a member of the group. “I’m one of many, many like-minded individuals who’re doing this sort of work.”

Known only by his online moniker, Ivan the Troll is the de facto spokesman of an underground wave of 3D-printing gunsmiths. Ivan says he knows of at least 100 people who are actively developing 3D-printed gun technology, and he claims there are thousands taking part in the network. This loose-knit community spans across the whole world.

They communicate across several digital platforms, including Signal, Twitter, IRC, and Discord. They critique each other's work, exchange 3D gun CAD files, offer advice, talk theory, and collaborate on future blueprints. These 3D-printed gun enthusiasts – who share similar ideas and political viewpoints on gun control – mostly found each other online via gun control subreddits and forums.

Ivan is just one small part of this network. He says he is from Illinois, and is of “college age”, but otherwise he remains mostly anonymous, to lie low. At the same time though, he’s launched bombastic PR videos demonstrating the new 3D-printed gun parts he’s created in his garage, including a Glock 17 handgun frame.

One of his most recent videos shows the polymer Glock 17 frame in various stages of production in his workshop. The footage is set to fast-paced synthwave music and is run through a trendy VHS filter – the aesthetics are important. Toward the end, Ivan fires several rounds with the fully built handgun, as text flashes up saying “ANYONE CAN MAKE IT”, “LIVE FREE OR DIE”, and “GO AHEAD TRY TO STOP THIS YOU FILTHY STATISTS”. He’s also uploaded the complete CAD reference model designs for a 3D-printed AR-15 assault rifle to his file-sharing space online. It’s clear Ivan is trying to provoke his detractors as much as possible.

In February of this year, Ivan and his group decided to name themselves “Deterrence Dispensed”, which is a tongue-in-cheek nod to the notorious Defence Distributed – a 3D-printing gun company formerly run by Texan crypto-anarchist Cody Wilson.

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In September 2018, Wilson, 30, was arrested and charged with sexual assault against a minor. He is alleged to have paid $500 to have sex with a 16-year-old girl in his home city of Austin, Texas. Needless to say, this arrest effectively took Wilson out of the 3D-printed gun world entirely. Many of the people who looked up to him were either disgusted or realised that his time was up. He stepped down from Defence Distributed, which was before seen as the driving force behind 3D-printed guns since it launched in 2012. Wilson was released on a $150,000 bail, but has remained silent since.

Defence Distributed has many other ongoing legal battles. Attorney generals from more than 20 US states are currently in the process of suing the company – which has countersued – in a bid to reverse a court win that momentarily allowed Defence Distributed to upload and share 3D-printed gun blueprints online. Their headaches are long, drawn out, and ongoing. (New York State has just passed a law to ban 3D-printed guns).

For Ivan’s group, Deterrence Dispensed, none of this is relevant. They’re uploading these files individually on services such as Spee.ch, a media-hosting site underpinned by the LBRY blockchain, and they aren’t waiting for anyone to give them permission. They’ve made their own 3D-printed gun designs, modified old ones, and are keeping all the Defence Distributed ones available for free too.

“Even if there was no government telling me I couldn’t do this, I think that I would still do it,” Ivan says. “Some people get a kick out of video games, I like spending hours and hours drawing stuff on CAD.”

Ivan isn’t just “drawing stuff on CAD” though. He’s providing free files to help anyone with a half-decent FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) 3D printer and some hand tools to make a workable handgun. Once the CAD file is downloaded, it’s opened in a “slicer” program that translates the CAD files into instructions that the 3D printer can understand. Once the 3D-printed gun parts are ready, they can be assembled into a fully workable gun.

The CAD gun designs put out by Deterrence Dispensed are so well-made, according to Ivan, that they’re not just “workable”, but superior. “Our AR15 CAD model is the best in the public domain without a doubt,” says Ivan.

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Despite being overtly antagonistic Ivan has had no real run-ins with the authorities so far. His Twitter account was permanently suspended after New Jersey state senator Bob Menendez lobbied for it to be taken down, but as far as the government and law enforcement goes, things have been mostly quiet.

Ivan sees himself, and other radical 3D-printing gun groups such as FOSSCAD (another decentralised group of 3D-printing enthusiasts who focus on firearms), simply as hobbyists who’ve chosen the “wrong” thing to build. He sees 3D-printed guns as somewhat of a paper tiger. He points out that while 3D-printed gun parts can be built to kill people, zip guns (homemade firearms built from crude materials) have been around for decades and are arguably more deadly. The hysteria and backlash, to Ivan at least, is completely misplaced.

“Take it from me as someone who’s printed a gun. Making a slam-fire shotgun is 100 times easier, 100 times quicker, and about 100 times cheaper than printing a [regular] gun. For eight dollars I can pop down to Home Depot and build a shotgun.”

Already in 2019, 156 people have already been killed in US mass shootings, and gun-related deaths are at a 20-year high. In March, a terrorist armed with two semi-automatic rifles and two shotguns killed 51 people in an anti-muslim attack in Christchurch, New Zealand. In such circumstances, do the US (and the world) really need more guns – zip gun, 3D-printed, or otherwise? Ivan thinks yes.

“The cops killed more people alone last year than all active shooter incidents in the last ten years,” he says. “We live in a society, in America, where you run the risk of a cop blowing your ass up for no specific reason. You don’t even have to present a threat to them. A cop can kill you and get away with it just because he really wanted to do it.”

He then went on to cite the many police shootings of unarmed black men in American, specifically mentioning Stephon Clark. Clark, 22, was shot to death by police in his own back garden while holding nothing but a mobile phone. “I believe it is inherently important that … you should be able to own a gun,” Ivan continued. “You should be able to own the same legal force that the cops are using to control you.”

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But the facts are clear. The majority of gun deaths around the world come from just six countries – one of which is the US. And analysis from Harvard University shows where there are more guns, more murders happen.

Anti-gun campaigners, obviously, disagree with the notion of a downloadable gun. Avery Gardiner, the co-president of the Brady Campaign, has said 3D-printed guns present a "supreme threat to our safety and security". Speaking after a court decision in August Gardiner said: "Already, there have been a wave of dangerous actors seeking to illegally post the blueprints online".

A mix of a libertarian attitude and the rewarding hobby aspect of designing and creating something is often what drives members of these decentralised 3D-printed gun networks to do what they do – that is, uploading schematics, sharing them, improving designs, and making 3D-printed gun work more easily accessible while remaining largely under the radar. Ivan claims he does this for a love of freedom and “radical” belief in the US first and second amendment: free speech and the right to bear arms.

He takes this to such a radical degree though, that he even theorises he should technically be able to have his own Tomahawk Missiles, saying that they would be safer in his hands than in those of the US Military and its allies – given the country's track record for accidentally targeting civilians, including a wedding party in Afghanistan and a school bus in Yemen.

Referring to the mounting list of civilian killings carried about by US forces in foreign wars, Ivan sounds at times more like a radical leftist than the right wing “gun nut” many in America label him as. He claims not to have any specific ideology though, saying: “I get to be my own special snowflake.”

As of now, Ivan the Troll, Deterrence Dispensed, and the thousands many more 3D-printed gun enthusiasts connected to each other worldwide, have essentially let the cat out the bag. There is no way to stop the anonymous file sharing of 3D-printed guns online. Whether they’re just pretending to be doing this for reasons of liberty or otherwise, their message is clear: it’s already too late to stop.

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10 most unexpected directions of 3D printing

As professionals say, the main problem with 3D printing is that no one knows why it is needed. But the portal 3Dtoday knows. Therefore, they have prepared for us a cool material about the areas for which 3D printing is actively used in our time. So, the ten most striking applications of 3D printers in everyday life and industry are in front of you!

For most people, additive technologies are still something mysterious and incomprehensible, despite their growing popularity around the world. In fact, household 3D printers are quite easy to operate, and quite successfully produced by Russian companies at quite affordable prices. Industrial devices, in turn, are very expensive, but their potential cannot but impress. Go!

Do not self-medicate! In our articles, we collect the latest scientific data and the opinions of authoritative health experts. But remember: only a doctor can diagnose and prescribe treatment.

Medical

The most promising direction for 3D printing in general is piece or small-scale production. If consumer goods are easier and cheaper to cast and stamp, then customized products are more profitable to print, since 3D printing allows you to go from a digital model directly to production without requiring the manufacture of expensive tooling. Sometimes, one-piece production simply cannot be dispensed with. Children’s prostheses are great examples, and they need to be constantly replaced as the child grows. The idea of ​​prosthetics has become widespread around the world, with some fully functional 3D printed mechanical versions costing as little as $50, while classic custom prostheses can cost as much as $50,000. Designers are being helped by 3D scanners used to obtain a three-dimensional drawing of a limb. Then the prosthesis is printed according to the obtained dimensions and outlines. The pioneer in this area was Aaron Brown and his project E-Nabling The Future. He came up with children's prostheses in the shape of the hands of superheroes - Wolverine, Iron Man, and so on. They play not only a mechanical, but also a serious psychological role in the rehabilitation of children who have lost limbs or were born without them.

But dentures are just the beginning. There is a special area in additive manufacturing called bioprinting. Its essence lies in the 3D printing of volumetric structures with living cells and biodegradable materials that serve as a scaffold or "matrix" for the cell mass. Of course, it is possible to grow a cell mass in a test tube, but only bioprinting can create a fully functional organ from several tissues and with a network of blood vessels, and even suitable for transplantation. Work in this direction is already underway, although complex organs have not yet been obtained. The most advanced example can be considered the experiments of the Russian company 3D Bioprinting Solutions, which printed the thyroid gland, which was then successfully implanted in an experimental mouse. But the American company Organovo already produces liver tissue used as samples for testing new drugs for efficacy, toxicity and side effects without the participation of bipedal test subjects.

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Sometimes it is not necessary to print a new organ to save a life. You can fix an existing one. A vivid example was the operation performed by surgeons of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. Doctors had to save a baby born with a complicated heart defect. In order to understand the structure of the defect, the doctors printed an exact model of the heart from tomographic images and worked out all the details before proceeding with two complex operations. The story ended happily: the boy went to a quick recovery.

Robotics

We already mentioned prostheses, but what about full-fledged robots? Easily. There are actually a lot of options, but the development of Siemens is interesting because it is based on 3D printed robots that act as 3D printers! As conceived by the creators, such devices should act as a production swarm like ants or bees. A group of machines follows common algorithms by printing new objects using onboard 3D printers.

These "robo-spiders" work on batteries, remembering their position in space and relative to each other. When the batteries are low, the spider robot calls a fully charged shifter, and he goes to rest and recharge. The developers believe that the industrial version of such a swarm will be able to produce truly large-sized objects like buildings or ship hulls.

Construction

Buildings, however, can be printed now. There are still few construction 3D printers, but they show very interesting results. The essence of the process, as a rule, comes down to layer-by-layer printing of walls from a specially formulated cement mixture. The recipe for the mix is ​​very important as it needs to set fast enough to not get crushed by subsequent layers. On the other hand, drying too quickly will prevent the layers from setting to each other. The resulting hollow walls serve as a kind of non-removable formwork, into which you can insert insulation, reinforcement, conduct communications, and for greater strength, fill the remaining cavities with concrete and get a monolithic structure. The advantage of this technology over the usual formwork is the ability to create all sorts of hitherto unthinkable shapes - rounded, spiral, etc.

An excellent example is the work of Andrey Rudenko, who printed a miniature castle on an illustration. Andrey recently took on a serious project by printing an extension to a hotel complex in the Philippines. And the dexterous Chinese from WinSun have already printed a five-story building, although they carried out this project in parts, assembling the printed panels at the construction site.

Automotive

In just a few years, you'll notice a new car pulling out of your neighbor's garage every time. How can this be? The answer is simple: he prints them. The production of spare parts for automobiles quickly became one of the favorite directions among do-it-yourself printers or "makers". Is it worth waiting for delivery or scouring the shops in search of a broken handle or a hood ornament torn off by a bully when they can be printed? At the same time, printed products cost mere pennies, while spare parts from dealers can be quite expensive. For printing, you can use ABS plastic - the same one from which most plastic trim elements are made. But the automotive 3D printing career didn't end there.

When MarkForged introduced a special 3D printer that allows printing with plastic and carbon fiber composites, 3D printed parts began to appear even on Formula 1 cars. And the American company Local Motors went even further and created a car with a 3D printed body. Now even Toyota is working on its own version of a 3D printed machine.

Space

Those born to fly should not crawl, and astronauts love high-tech gadgets. A space 3D printer suggests itself! The first such device, similar to bar desktop machines available on Earth to anyone, was launched into orbit in September 2014. The Made in Space 3D printer has been successfully tested in zero gravity and has already returned to its home planet, and it has been replaced by a more advanced version.

And yes, like motorists, astronauts intend to use 3D printing to produce spare parts. The logic here is simple: why carry a full set of parts and tools into orbit when they can be printed as needed from a relatively small stock of materials on board the station? The latest Made in Space project, which is still conceptual, involves 3D printing of engines and onboard equipment on asteroids using improvised materials. For what? To deliver a huge block of valuable raw materials to near-Earth orbit, where it can be used to build new orbital structures or lowered to Earth.

Although everyone has their own worries: Italian astronauts do not start their day without a cup of espresso brewed using a special coffee machine. And in order to prevent the drink from spreading throughout the station, 3D-printed cups of a special shape are used to hold the liquid due to surface tension. And quite recently, a Russian satellite manufactured by specialists from the Tomsk Polytechnic University arrived on board the ISS. The design of the satellite is partially made using 3D printing.

Aircraft

Wait, what other 3D printed engines? Is it possible? Quite, and additive manufacturing is successfully used in many areas of mechanical engineering, including the aviation and space industries, where 3D printed engine parts are quickly becoming commonplace. It's all about 3D printing methods such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and deposition welding (SLM). These methods allow you to create high-precision parts consisting entirely of metals and alloys.

Fine powders are used as raw materials, which are heated almost to the melting point and then sintered or alloyed along predetermined contours using ultra-precise lasers. Although there were initially certain doubts about the strength of such products, numerous experiments dispelled fears: the density of the parts obtained is almost similar to cast counterparts, and the ability to manufacture the most complex components as a whole makes it possible to avoid the formation of weak zones that usually appear at the site of welding seams.

3D printed engine parts, up to nozzles, are already being used on SpaceX devices, Airbus is actively and successfully testing 3D printed engine parts and supporting structures of airliners, and 3D printed swirlers created by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation materials (VIAM) for advanced PD-14 engines currently undergoing flight tests.

Industrial design

Although complex, expensive metal-printing systems are used to manufacture engines, 3D printers that print plastics are the most used in the industry. They are used not so much for the manufacture of finished products as for prototypes. Initially, 3D printing technology was called that - rapid prototyping. 3D printers make it possible to produce high-precision prototype parts, gadget cases, architectural models, and even shoes. Finished products not only serve for visual visualization, but also allow you to try on the components to be assembled. The latter option is used by the developers of the Armata tanks. Because prototyping requires no custom tooling, and the design itself can be quickly digitally modified and reprinted, 3D printing for prototyping results in significant time and cost savings for R&D.

At the same time, 3D printing is for all ages. While serious engineers are designing tanks and aircraft, their young colleagues are increasingly using 3D printing to teach modeling and design skills. Inexpensive user-level 3D printers are increasingly being used in schools and circles, and youth creativity centers are being created throughout Russia, where future engineers can try out additive manufacturing technologies on their own experience.

Weapons

Naturally, 3D printing has also caught on with gun enthusiasts, causing a lot of headaches for regulators around the world. It all started with the Liberator project by an American gun fighter named Cody Wilson. A simple plastic gun can be printed on any home 3D printer, the only metal element is a nail used as a striker, and the probability of an explosion and resulting injury to the shooter is higher than the chance of a successful shot.

It turned out to be almost impossible to fight the distribution of free files with a 3D model of a pistol, but these were just flowers. Berries followed in the form of a 3D-printed receiver for AR-15 automatic carbines, the actual analogues of the M-16 assault rifle, which is in service with the United States and many other countries of the world. The fact is that it is the lower part of the receiver that is subject to registration and accounting, since the serial number is stamped on it, and all other parts can be bought at any weapons store. The box, on the other hand, does not carry high loads, and it is quite possible to print it from plastic, and then assemble an unaccounted, unregistered rifle. Gun printing quickly fell under a local ban, and the aforementioned MarkForged company even refused to sell Cody their printer that prints with high-strength composites.

Although, sometimes there are quite legal projects, such as fully functional 3D printed replicas of the Colt 1911 pistol, released in a limited edition by the California arms company Solid Concepts. Be that as it may, 3D printing of weapons in Russia will result in at least a criminal article for illegal storage and distribution, and therefore the experience of Cody Wilson should not be adopted.

Jewelry

What about fake weapons? This option is allowed by law and is quite available even on consumer 3D printers. And not only weapons, but also all kinds of armor, jewelry and accessories. From the glowing "plasma" swords from the popular game Halo to full-fledged Star Wars stormtrooper costumes, cosplay fans create the most colorful examples illustrating the possibilities of 3D printing.

In fact, MakerBot founder Bree Pettis demonstrated the feasibility of large-scale 3D printing with the Replicator Z18 3D printer in the most graphic way possible by wearing a fully printed helmet on his head in front of an enthusiastic audience of printers.

But with the help of 3D printing, you can create not only toy decorations, but also real ones. Jewelers around the world are increasingly turning to 3D modeling and printing blanks, which are used to make molds for casting precious metal jewelry.


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