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Cardboard Vs. 3D Rapid Prototyping

Sep 8

Nadia Routhier in Industrial Design, Product Development, Western Region | No comments

When I joined StarFish Medical I was pretty stoked about the 3D printer and marvelled at the prints created by the Mechanical Engineers and Industrial Designers. As a Human Factors Engineer in product development my favorite challenges are the ones that call on imaginative solutions for investigating and testing use-related ideas and concepts for new products.

I was excited to create my own 3D printed rapid prototypes for human factors testing. But as the months went by and I started planning work sessions and usability tests, opportunities to utilize the 3D printer never seemed to materialize. Over time I found myself going back to what’s always worked best for me: foam core and cardboard mock-ups!

Cardboard Vs. 3D Rapid Prototyping

There are many reasons why these low-fidelity mock-ups have turned out to be more suitable than 3D prints or high-fidelity models for human factors evaluations in the early design stages. Two obvious reasons are availability and cost of the materials. Any art store, Walmart or dollar store will have the four basic supplies I need for foam core and cardboard mock-ups: foam core/cardboard boards, hot glue gun, metal ruler and an X-Acto knife.

Cardboard Holder Created to Investigate Cable Management on a Tablet

To use the printer, I would have to spend time building a CAD model of the mock-up, learning new software and how to operate the printer, including the occasional cleaning and troubleshooting. In our organization the printer is in high demand. Considering that each part can take several hours to print, rapid prototyping isn’t always as rapid as needed.

The printer is also limited in the size of parts it can print. So many times, the large devices or interfaces that I want to test would require dozens of prints that needed to be glued together afterward.

But the primary reason I keep turning to cardboard and foam core for mock-ups is because of the user experience it offers me. When I’m wanting to create a workflow experience for a user, I’m creating a 3D experience in a 3D space. I need to be in that space as I’m bringing all the elements together. I need to carve out volumes and feel them with my hands so I can model the user experience that will bring test participants into the right mindset.

Using 3D software to explore volumes, shapes and proportions has never provided me with that sensory experience.

I find rapid mock-ups best suited for applications where we are unclear about the device workflow and want low-fidelity props to support investigation and design activities with future users.

For example, when presented with a cardboard medical cart, participants will comment on the clearance for their feet, the size and position of the handles or the height of a shelf. They can do all this while standing around the mock-up.

There is natural tendency for people to start acting out how they would use the equipment as they imagine what it would be like in their real work setting. Observing the users in this way provides great insight into their wants and needs and allows us to identify user requirements that don’t come up during the interview process.

The cardboard mock-ups are also well suited for ergonomic evaluations. On a recent project we were designing a gantry and had to determine whether the height and opening to access a specific area would allow maintenance personnel to work comfortably with a set of tools. It took about 2 hours to create the foam-core mock-up and less than an hour to perform the evaluation.

Hot Lab Environment and Equipment Created with Foam Core to Evaluate Operator Workflow and Ergonomics

Another advantage of low fidelity models is that their unfinished look and feel keeps the users focused on evaluating the usability rather than aesthetic qualities. When users are presented with nicely finished prototypes they may focus on the colours or the shape of buttons rather than the purpose of the design.

They may also feel like a polished prototype is a final product with little room left for improvements. On the other hand, a foam core model will communicate that we are in the early stages of design and gives the perception that the device is still a work in process. As a result, users are generally more apt to suggest big changes they would like to see.

I’ve often been in situations where we relied on drawings and elegant renderings to make decisions in order to move forward quickly with developing a product. The first time we get to interact with an embodiment of the device is when the first prototype is built (at considerable expense). This is usually many months into the project after the client has agreed to what they saw on the renderings.

Cardboard Vs. 3D Rapid Prototyping Bottomline:

Inevitable we come to realize that some aspects of the product fall short of our assumptions because the real size of the device doesn’t present itself as we had imagined. Only after this could we start to rethink the design and really explore the form and function.

In doing this we discover opportunities we wish we had thought of sooner. And that is the entire spirit of ideating physically in true scale early in the design process.

For more insights into prototyping, read our other blogs on Compare 3D printing prototyping merits for three common processes, Prototyping and Its Relationship to Innovation in Medical Device Design, and How to turn patient imaging data into functional 3D models.

Images: StarFish Medical

Nadia Routhier is a Human Factors Engineer at StarFish Medical. She did her undergraduate studies in Industrial Design at University of Montreal and completed a Master’s in Human Factors at Polytechnique Montréal.

Tags: 3D printing, 3D Rapid Prototyping, Cardboard Rapid Prototyping, Human Factors, Rapid Prototyping



Closed cardboard box

Technical

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Hello everyone!

The easiest way to make a camera for the printer - is to use improvised means.

In my case, this tool turned out to be the printer's shipping box. You can follow my example, either find a closet space at home (a decent space), or if you are a builder and have extra polycarbonate and aluminum corners, or if you have a chest of drawers, consider yourself lucky!

In general, from the materials I needed:

- a box in size (ideal from under the parcel) and some more flat cardboard for the lid

- a lot of adhesive tape Side')

- scissors

First of all, we prepare the box

Check whether the box is exactly the right size for the printer, put the printer inside, move the table if it is movable.

There are two options

  • The box only holds the printer, then you have to make holes for wires and plastic.
  • The box is big enough to hold both the printer and the remote control (who has it separately) and a roll of plastic, then you're in luck with a more airtight box.

Next, we sculpt all the walls with foil (everything should be held with adhesive tape), we also make holes for the legs.

Next we make the cover

We take a thick sheet of cardboard, roughly put it on the finished box, make marks with a felt-tip pen where to fold, remove excess cardboard, cut along the folds, connect everything with adhesive tape. We don’t forget about the holes for the legs. Since my table is movable, I had to lengthen the structure and therefore the cover of this kind.

Attention, an error in my work - a small door!

I advise you to make a frame like mine, but a movable door in all sizes.

Fitting

  • We put the box in the right place.
  • Disconnect the printer from all the wires, take the beams from below with your hands, carefully put them in, check that the legs fall into the pre-prepared holes.
  • We put a remote control and a coil of plastic next to the box, we pass all the wires
  • Close the lid

Thus

From the pros:

  • cheap
  • fast
  • 0054

Of the minuses:

  • appearance
  • inconvenience when setting up the table
  • control of holes for wires so that they can move without resistance

Thank you all for your attention, I hope this article was useful to you, ready to listen to criticism and respond to questions you are interested in )

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Paper 3D Printing - Laminating

LOM - 3D printing from paper

3D printing from paper is not the most accurate name for the LOM technique, which stands for Laminated Object Manufacturing. In fact, plastic, metal foil, and some other raw materials are also available as consumables for this technique. However, sheets or rolls of paper are the most common, and even ordinary A4 paper is used in some devices.

Even for those who are already somewhat familiar with additive manufacturing techniques, the very idea of ​​using paper as a consumable for 3D printers may seem strange and ridiculous. However, often at first glance, unusual ideas can result in something very promising. This is exactly what 3D paper printing is, and in this article we will tell you all about the unusual technique and its features.

How is paper 3D printed?

The essence of the technology lies in sequential gluing of sheets of consumable material (paper, foil, etc.) to each other. In order for each layer of the material to correspond to the layer of the given 3D model, it is cut along the required contour with a laser or a knife. Below we will give an image and describe step by step all the stages of 3D printing. But first, a few words should be said about 3D models for 3D printing. They are created according to certain rules, which you can read about here. The finished model is loaded into a slicer program (for example, Cura), where it is divided into layers and the necessary 3D printing settings are set. The resulting file, usually in STL format, is loaded into the 3D printer.

After the model is launched for printing, the consumable material (a single sheet or from a roll) is fed to the working platform of the 3D printer, heated to the required temperature and distributed under a certain pressure. After that, using a special knife or a laser, the contour of the first layer is cut out on the sheet, and the areas that need to be removed upon completion of 3D printing are cut in a certain pattern. The platform is then lowered down to the height of one layer. In the case of roll media, the roll rotates to feed new material and remove residue. If sheets are used, a new sheet is fed with each new layer.

In this case, before applying each subsequent layer, the consumable is covered from below with a special adhesive. By heating and laying under pressure, a single piece is formed. The process of cutting layers and applying new sheets of material is repeated until the complete construction of the object, after which 3D printing from paper can be considered complete. The finished product is removed from the 3D printer and, if necessary, post-processed.

Method features

Paper 3D printing is different from other additive manufacturing techniques and has some interesting features. So, the accuracy of this type of 3D printing directly depends on the type of material used, the thickness of which will correspond to the height of the layer of the formed object. Also, products made by this method lend themselves well to post-processing, since they resemble wood in texture. Moreover, finished objects require varnishing.

Benefits:

  • Low production cost. Although 3D printing from paper is not the cheapest technique, the cost of reproducing products using it is much lower than other professional techniques (SLS, SLM, etc.). The price of equipment also plays a role in this;
  • Use of common consumables. Agree, metal foil or A4 paper can be found at home for most of us. Even plastic and photopolymer resin for budget FDM and SLA techniques will cost more;
  • Ability to create full-color products. Some LOM 3D printers are focused on making objects in specified colors, which will speed up and simplify their post-processing.

Disadvantages:

  • The print accuracy of is lower than that of other industrial methods. Alas, in terms of the quality of the resulting products, 3D paper printing is slightly inferior to other technologies. The average layer height offered by LOM printers is 300 microns;
  • Delamination hazard. Obviously, the resulting models cannot boast of high strength, but in the absence of proper care (and sometimes for no apparent reason), the products diverge along the cross section of the layers;
  • Paper absorbs moisture well. To protect printed models, it is recommended to cover them with varnish or special inks. This will extend the life of the products and help avoid delamination.

Where is paper 3D printing used?

Now that we understand the technical aspects of the methodology, it's time to talk about the applications of LOM technology. In view of its features, it makes no sense to talk about the industrial use of the technique. Although in some cases 3D paper printing is still used to create prototypes in various areas of production. Otherwise, the technology is in demand in the following industries:

  • Prototyping. This is not only about professional (let's say, architectural) layout, but also about the use of LOM technology to create amateur layouts. Among the equipment for this 3D printing technique there are budget models;

  • Design. As well as all kinds of art. The same budget and availability of materials make this technique attractive to creative people, product and industrial designers. Complementing the picture is ease of post-processing and the ability to create color products;

  • Education. In general, this category can be attributed to layout, because it is medical, geographical and other layouts that interest figures in the field of education;

  • Souvenir products. Low cost, colorful products, good detail - all this is great for creating lovely souvenirs.

But don't think that paper 3D printing is limited to this. Significant improvements in technology are planned for the future. So, already in 2019, the world will see a professional 3D printer for creating serious products, including furniture.


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